Exam review will be held on Monday, October 16 at 5:30pm, following class. Come prepared with questions!

LEAVES
(The notes for this section can be found at the end of lecture 8. I decided to put it onto this exam, giving you mercifully less stuff to know for Exam I. Now you pay the price...)

Know the anatomy of a leaf, including: leaf axil, axillary meristem, petiole, midrib, blade, veins, hydathodes, stipules, stomates, epidermis, cuticle, pallisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll.

Be able to recognize the following leaf types: simple, compound, pinnate, palmate, whorled, opposite, alternate

Be able to name the functions of some specialized leaves such as cactus spines, insect-trapping leaves, tendrils, storage leaves, floral leaves (bracts).

Be able to understand why leaves change color in the autumn. Know the definitions of deciduous and leaf abscission.

WATER MOVEMENT

Understand the meaning/significance of diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, water potential.

What role do the endodermis and Casparian strips play in water movement through roots? Of what substance are the strips composed?

Understand the meaning/significance of root pressure & shoot tension. Which one can lift water higher?

What is the general direction of flow of the xylem? Of the phloem?

ENERGY TRANSDUCTIONS

Know the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. Be able to recognize everyday examples of phenomena which provide evidence of each law.

Know the definition/significance of: entropy, producer, consumer, decomposer, autotroph, heterotroph, exergonic and endergonic reactions; oxidation and reduction reactions (HINT: think electrons!)

Know the meaning/significance of: anion, cation, acid, base, catalyst, enzyme, substrate, ATP

Understand the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Understand the definition/significance of: quantum, photon, electromagnetic spectrum, pigment, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, absorbance spectrum (of a pigment), action spectrum (of a reaction), fluorescence, chloroplast, thylakoid, granum, stroma (if you were to see a diagram, say. . .)

Understand how the range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum are utilized in photosynthesis. Understand the difference between absorbance, transmittance and reflectance

Know the definition/significance of: wavelength, photon energy levels (relative to wavelength)

Be able to recognize a generalized chlorophyll molecule. Know its basic parts (porphyrin ring, phytol tail and central magnesium atom) by name and by location on the molecule. Which part of the molecule anchors it in the thylakoid membrane? Which part is the main route for electrons moving between chlorophyll molecules? (Think: car battery!)

Understand the transduction of light energy to electrical energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis. Understand how each type of energy is represented by various types of molecular/chemical activity or bonds.

Understand the physical placement of photosynthetic pigments in the thylakoid membrane, and the general nature of Photosystems I and II.

Understand the difference between Photosystems I and II. Which one has P680? Which one has P700? What are P680 and P700? Which Photosystem undergoes cyclic photophosphorylation? Non-cyclic? Which one splits water to produce the waste product, oxygen? What is photophosphorylation, anyway? Why am I torturing you like this?

What is an antenna/accessory pigment? What types of pigments serve as antennas?

Know the basic steps of the Light Dependent and Light Independent reactions of photosynthesis. Know where each set of reactions occurs in the chloroplast.

Be able to recognize the overall reactions of photosynthesis, cellular respiration

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Know the general meaning/significance of: chemiosmosis, potential gradient, ATP, NADPH (in both photosynthesis & respiration), glycolysis, electron transport chain.

How many ATPs are produced at each of the four steps?

What is the FUNCTION of cellular respiration? What types of organisms do it?

ENERGY TRANSFERS IN ECOSYSTEMS

Know the meaning/significance of: energy transduction (energy changing from one form to another) through trophic levels, food chain/web, biomass, primary producers, 1^o, 2^o, 3^o etc. consumers; decomposers, detritivores, herbivore, carnivore, omnivores.

Know the difference between Gross Primary Production and Net Primary Production.

Understand the basic form of a generalized biogeochemical cycle.

Understand how each of the following is related to the biogeochemical cycles we discussed in class: Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming, thinning of the Ozone layer, salt water encroachment into the water table, conservation of tapwater in Florida, etc.

Know the meaning/significance of: transpiration, precipitation, percolation, aquifer, runoff, evaporation, etc. and the role each plays in the hydrologic cycle.