Official Site of the Nobel Committees & Prizes
1901 Emil A. von Behring (Germany), for work on serum therapy against diphtheria
1902 Sir Ronald Ross (England), for work on malaria
1903 Niels R. Finsen (Denmark), for his treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light rays
1904 Ivan P. Pavlov (U.S.S.R.), for work on the physiology of digestion
1905 Robert Koch (Germany), for work on tuberculosis1906 Camillo Golgi (Italy) and Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spain), for work on structure of the nervous system
1907 Charles L. A. Laveran (France), for work with protozoa in the generation of disease
1908 Paul Ehrlich (Germany), and Elie Metchnikoff (U.S.S.R.), for work on immunity
1909 Theodor Kocher (Switzerland), for work on the thyroid gland
1910 Albrecht Kossel (Germany), for achievements in the chemistry of the cell
1911 Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden), for work on the dioptrics of the eye
1912 Alexis Carrel (France), for work on vascular ligature and grafting of blood vessels and organs
1913 Charles Richet (France), for work on anaphylaxy
1914 Robert Bárány (Austria), for work on physiology and pathology of the vestibular system
1915-1918 No award
1919 Jules Bordet (Belgium), for discoveries in connection with immunity
1920 August Krogh (Denmark), for discovery of regulation of capillaries' motor mechanism
1921 No award
1923 Sir Frederick Banting (Canada) and John J. R. Macleod (Scotland), for discovery of insulin
1924 Willem Einthoven (Netherlands), for discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram
1925 No award
1926 Johannes Fibiger (Denmark), for discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg (Austria), for use of malaria inoculation in treatment of dementia paralytica
1928 Charles Nicolle (France), for work on typhus exanthematicus
1930 Karl Landsteiner (U.S.), for discovery of human blood groups
1931 Otto H. Warburg (Germany), for discovery of the character and mode of action of the respiratory ferment
1932 Sir Charles Sherrington (England) and Edgar D. Adrian (U.S.), for discoveries of the function of the neuron
1933 Thomas H. Morgan (U.S.), for discoveries on hereditary function of the chromosomes
1934 George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, and William P. Murphy (U.S.), for discovery of liver therapy against anemias
1935 Hans Spemann (Germany), for discovery of the organizer-effect in embryonic development
1936 Sir Henry Dale (England) and Otto Loewi (Germany), for discoveries on chemical transmission of nerve impulses
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt (Hungary), for discoveries on biological combustion
1938 Corneille Heymans (Belgium), for determining importance of sinus and aorta mechanisms in the regulation of respiration
1939 Gerhard Domagk (Germany), for antibacterial effect of prontocilate
1943 Henrik Dam (Denmark) and Edward A. Doisy (U.S.), for analysis of Vitamin K
1944 Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser (U.S.), for work on functions of the nerve threads
1945 Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, and Sir Howard Florey (England), for discovery of penicillin
1946 Herman J. Muller (U.S.), for hereditary effects of X-rays on genes
1947 Carl F. and Gerty T. Cori (U.S.), for work on animal starch metabolism; Bernardo A. Houssay (Arg.), for study of pituitary
1948 Paul Mueller (Switzerland), for discovery of insect-killing properties of DDT
1950 Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall (both U.S.), and Tadeus Reichstein (Swss), for discoveries of hormones of adrenals
1951 Max Theiler (South Africa), for development of anti-yellow-fever vaccine
1952 Selman A. Waksman (U.S.), for co-discovery of streptomycin
1953 Fritz A. Lipmann (Germany-U.S.) and Hans Adolph Krebs (Germany-England), for studies of living cells
1954 John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, and Frederick C. Robbins (U.S.), for work with cultivation of polio virus
1955 Hugo Theorell (Sweden), for work on oxidation enzymes
1956 Dickinson W. Richards, Jr., André F. Cournand (both
U.S.), and Werner Forssmann (Germany), for new
techniques in treating heart disease
1957 Daniel Bovet (Italy), for development of drugs to relieve allergies and relax muscles during surgery
1958 Joshua Lederberg (U.S.), for work with genetic mechanisms;
George W. Beadie and Edward L. Tatum (U.S.),
for discovering how genes transmit hereditary
characteristics
1959 Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg (U.S.), for discoveries related to compounds within chromosomes & roles in heredity
1960 Sir Macfarlane Burnet (Australia) and Peter Brian Medawar (England), for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
1961 Georg von Bekesy (U.S.), for discoveries about physical mechanisms of stimulation within cochlea
1962 James D. Watson (U.S.), Maurice H. F. Wilkins, & Francis Crick (England), for determining structure of DNA
1963 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley (England), and
Sir John Carew Eccles (Australia), for
research on nerve cells
1964 Konrad E. Bloch (U.S.) and Feodor Lynen (Germ.), for research on mechanism & regulation of cholesterol & fatty acids
1965 François Jacob, André Lwolff, and Jacques Monod (France), for study of regulatory activities in body cells
1967 Haldan K. Hartline, George Wald, and Ragnar Granit (U.S.), for work on human eye
1968 Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W. Nirenberg (U.S.), for studies of genetic code
1969 Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, and Salvador E. Luria (U.S.), for study of mechanism of virus infection in living cells
1970 Julius Axelrod (U.S.), Ulf S. von Euler (Sweden), and Sir Bernard Katz (England), for studies of how nerve impulses are transmitted within the body
1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (U.S.), for research on how hormones work
1972 Gerald M. Edelman (U.S.), and Rodney R. Porter (U.K.), for research on the chemical structure and nature of antibodies
1973 Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz (Austria), and Nikolaas
Tinbergen (Netherlands), for their studies of
individual and social behavior patterns
1974 George E. Palade and Christian de Duve (both U.S.) and
Albert Claude (Belgium), for contributions to understanding
inner workings of living cells
1975 David Baltimore, Howard M. Temin, and Renato Dulbecco (all
U.S.), for work in interaction between tumor viruses
and genetic material of the cell
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek (U.S.), for
discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the
origin and dissemination of infectious
diseases
1977 Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C. L. Guillemin, and Andrew V. Schally (all U.S.), for role of hormones in chemistry of the body
1978 Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith (both U.S.) and Werner
Arber (Switzerland), for discovery of restriction enzymes
and their application to
problems of molecular genetics
1979 Allan McLeod Cormack (U.S.) and Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield
(England), for developing computed axial
tomography (CAT scan) X-ray technique
1980 Baruj Benacerraf and George D. Snell (both U.S.) and Jean
Dausset (France), for discoveries that explain
how the structure of cells relates to organ
transplants and diseases
1981 Roger W. Sperry and David H. Hubel (both U.S.) and Torsten
N. Wiesel (Sweden), for studies vital to
understanding the organization and functioning of
the brain
1982 Sune Bergstrom and Bengt Samuelsson (Sweden) and John R.
Vane (U.K.), for research in prostaglandins,
a hormonelike substance involved in a wide
range of illnesses
1983 Barbara McClintock (U.S.), for her discovery of mobile
genes in the chromosomes of a plant that change
the future generations of plants they
produce
1984 Cesar Milstein
(U.K./Argentina) Georges J.F. Kohler (West Germany), and Niels K. Jerne (U.K./Denmark)
for
their work in immunology
1985 Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein (both U.S.) for
their work which has drastically widened our
understanding of the cholesterol metabolism
and increased our possibilities to prevent and treat atherosclerosis
and heart attacks
1986 Rita Levi-Montalcini (dual U.S./Italy) and Stanley Cohen
(U.S.) for their contributions to the understanding
of substances that influence cell
growth
1987 Susumu Tonegawa (Japan), for his discoveries of how the
body can suddenly marshal its immunological
defenses against millions of different disease
agents that it has never encountered before.
1988 Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings (both U.S.) and Sir
James Black (U.K.) for their discoveries of
important principles for drug treatment.
1989 J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus (both U.S.) for their unifying theory of cancer development.
1990 Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas (both U.S.), for their pioneering work in transplants.
1991 Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann (both Germany) for the development of a technique called patch clamp.
1992 Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Kerbs (U.S.),alternation of enzyme activity by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
1993 Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp, split genes and RNA processing
1994 Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell, structure and function of GTP-binding (G) proteins
1995 Edward B. Lewis, Eric F. Wieschaus, and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, genetic control of embryonic development
1996 Peter C. Dohertyand Rolf
M. Zinkernagel for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated
immune defence
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection
1999 Gubnter Blobel for his discovery of the signal transduction properties of proteins
2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, and Eric R. Kandel for signal transduction in the nervous system
2001 Leland H.
Hartwell, Tim Hunt, and Paul M. Nurse for their work on key cell cycle
regulators
CDK and cyclins
2002
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston for
their work in programmed cell death (apoptosis)
2003
Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield for their
discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
2004
Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck for their discoveries of
odorant receptors and the organization
of the olfactory system
Chemistry (1901-1998)
1901 Jacobus H. van't Hoff (Netherlands), for laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions
1902 Emil Fischer (Germany), for experiments in sugar and purin groups of substances
1903 Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden), for his electrolytic theory of dissociation
1904 Sir William Ramsay (England), for discovery and determination of place of inert gaseous elements in air
1905 Adolf von Baeyer (Germany), for work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic combinations
1906 Henri Moissan (France), for isolation of fluorine, and introduction of electric furnace
1907 Eduard Buchner (Germany), discovery of cell-less fermentation and investigations in biological chemistry
1908 Sir Ernest Rutherford (England), for investigations into disintegration of elements
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany), for work on catalysis and investigations into chemical equilibrium and reaction rates
1910 Otto Wallach (Germany), for work in the field of alicyclic compounds
1911 Marie Curie (France), for discovery of elements radium and polonium
1912 Victor Grignard, for reagent discovered by him; & Paul Sabatier (France), for methods of hydrogenating organic compounds
1913 Alfred Werner (Switzerland), for linking up atoms within the molecule
1914 Theodore W. Richards (U.S.), for determining atomic weight of many chemical elements
1915 Richard Willstätter (Germany), for research into coloring matter of plants, especially chlorophyll
1916 No award
1917 No award
1918 Fritz Haber (Germany), for synthetic production of ammonia
1919 No award
1920 Walther Nernst (Germany), for work in thermochemistry
1921 Frederick Soddy (England), for investigations into origin and nature of isotopes
1922 Francis W. Aston (England), for discovery of isotopes in nonradioactive elements & for discovery of the whole number rule
1923 Fritz Pregl (Austria), for method of microanalysis of organic substances discovered by him
1924 No award
1925 In 1926, the 1925 prize was awarded to Richard Zsigmondy (Germany), for the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions
1926 Theodor Svedberg (Sweden), for work on disperse systems
1927 In 1928, the 1927 prize was awarded to Heinrich Wieland (Germany), for investigations of bile acids and kindred substances
1928 Adolf Windaus (Germany), for investigations on constitution of the sterols and their connection with vitamins
1929 Sir Arthur Harden (England) and Hans K. A. S. von Euler-Chelpin (Sweden), for research of fermentation of sugars
1930 Hans Fischer (Germany), for work on coloring matter of blood and leaves and for his synthesis of hemin
1931 Karl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius (Germany), for invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods
1932 Irving Langmuir (U.S.), for work in realm of surface chemistry
1933 No award
1934 Harold C. Urey (U.S.), for discovery of heavy hydrogen
1935 Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie (France), for synthesis of new radioactive elements
1936 Peter J. W. Debye (Netherlands), for investigations on dipole moments and diffraction of X rays and electrons in gases
1937 Walter N. Haworth (England), for research on carbohydrates and Vitamin C; and Paul Karrer (Switzerland), for work on carotenoids, flavins, and Vitamins A and B
1938 Richard Kuhn (Germany), for carotinoid study and vitamin research (declined)
1939 Adolf Butenandt (Germany), for work on sexual hormones (declined the prize); and Leopold Ruzicka (Switzerland), for work with polymethylenes
1943 Georg Hevesy De Heves (Hungary), for work on use of isotopes as indicators
1944 Otto Hahn (Germany), for work on atomic fission
1945 Artturi Illmari Virtanen (Finland), for research in the field of conservation of fodder
1946 James B. Sumner (U.S.), for crystallizing enzymes; John H. Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley (U.S.), for preparing enzymes and virus proteins in pure form
1947 Sir Robert Robinson (England), for research in plant substances
1948 Arne Tiselius (Sweden), for biochemical discoveries and isolation of mouse paralysis virus
1949 William Francis Giauque (U.S.), for research in thermodynamics, especially effects of low temperature
1950 Otto Diels and Kurt Alder (Germany), for discovery of diene synthesis enabling study of structure of organic matter
1951 Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin H. McMillan (U.S.), for discovery of plutonium
1952 Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge (England), for development of partition chromatography
1953 Hermann Staudinger (Germany), for research in giant molecules
1954 Linus C. Pauling (U.S.), for study of forces holding together protein and other molecules
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud (U.S.), for work on pituitary hormones
1956 Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (England) and Nikolai N. Semenov (U.S.S.R.), for parallel research on chemical reaction kinetics
1957 Sir Alexander Todd (England), for research with chemical compounds that are factors in heredity
1958 Frederick Sanger (England), for determining molecular structure of insulin
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsky (Czechoslovakia), for development of polarography, an electrochemical method of analysis
1960 Willard F. Libby (U.S.), for Aatomic time clock@ to measure age of objects by measuring their radioactivity
1961 Melvin Calvin (U.S.), for establishing chemical steps during photosynthesis
1962 Max F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew (England), for mapping protein molecules with X-rays
1963 Carl Ziegler (Germany) and Giulio Natta (Italy), for work in uniting simple hydrocarbons into large molecule substances
1964 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (Eng.), for determining structure of compounds needed in combating pernicious anemia
1965 Robert B. Woodward (U.S.), for work in synthesizing complicated organic compounds
1966 Robert Sanderson Mulliken (U.S.), for research on bond holding atoms together in molecule
1967 Manfred Eigen (Germ.), Ronald G. W. Norrish, and George Porter (both Eng.), for work in high-speed chemical reactions
1968 Lars Onsager (U.S.), for development of system of equations in thermodynamics
1969 Derek H. R. Barton (England) and Odd Hassel (Norway), for study of organic molecules
1970 Luis F. Leloir (Argentina), for discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in biosynthesis of carbohydrates
1971 Gerhard Herzberg (Canada), electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals
1972 Christian Boehmer Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, and William Howard Stein (all U.S.), for pioneering studies in enzymes
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer (W. Germ.) & Geoffrey Wilkinson (U.K.), for work that could solve automobile exhaust pollution
1974 Paul J. Flory (U.S.), for developing analytic methods to study properties and molecular structure of long-chain molecules
1975 John W. Cornforth (Australia) and Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland), for research on structure of biological molecules such as antibiotics and cholesterol
1976 William N. Lipscomb, Jr. (U.S.), for work on the structure and bonding mechanisms of boranes
1977 Ilya Prigogine (Belgium), for contributions to nonequilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures
1978 Peter Mitchell (U.K.), for contributions to the understanding of biological energy transfer
1979 Herbert C. Brown (U.S.) and Georg Wittig (West Germany), for developing a group of substances that facilitate very difficult chemical reactions
1980 Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert (both U.S.) and Frederick Sanger (England), for developing methods to map the structure and function of DNA, the substance that controls the activity of the cell
1981 Roald Hoffmann (U.S.) and Kenichi Fukui (Japan), for applying quantum-mechanics theories to predict the course of chemical reactions
1982 Aaron Klug (U.K.), for research in the detailed structures of viruses and components of life
1983 Henry Taube (U.S.), for research on how electrons transfer between molecules in chemical reactions
1984 R. Bruce Merrifield (U.S.) for research that revolutionized the study of proteins
1986 Dudley R. Herschback, Yuan T. Lee (both U.S.), and John C. Polanyi (Canada) for their work on reaction dynamics
1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, and Hartmut Michel (all West Germany) for unraveling the structure of proteins that play a crucial role in photosynthesis.
1989 Thomas R. Cech and Sidney Altman (both U.S.) for their discovery, independently, that RNA could actively aid chemical reactions in the cells.
1990 Elias James Corey (U.S.) for developing new ways to synthesize complex molecules ordinarily found in nature.
1991 Richard R. Ernst (Switzerland) for refinements he developed in nuclear magnetic resonancepectroscopy.
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus (U.S.) for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems
1994 George A. Olah, for his contribution to carbocation chemistry
1996 Robert F. Curl, Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto, and Richard E. Smalley for their discovery of fullerenes
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
2000 Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa for the discovery and development of conductive polymers
2001
William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, for their work on
chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" and
K. barry Sharpless for his work on
chirally catalysed oxidation reactions
2002
John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich for the
development of methods for identification and
structure analyses of biological
macromolecules: Fenn and Tanaka for mass spectrometry techniques
and Wuthrich for NMR techniques
2003
Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon for discoveries
concerning channels in cell membranes:
Agre - for the discovery of water channels
and MacKinnon for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels
2004
Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose - for the
discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation